Pyrazinamide

The tablets should be kept in their blister-pack packaging until they are use. RIFAMPICIN CAP 600 MG RIFAMPICIN FILM-COAT TB 450 MG RIFAMPICIN FILM-COAT TB 600 MG RIFAMPICIN SYR 100 MG 5ML 100 ML ; RIFAMPICIN TAB 300 MG RIFAMPICIN TAB 450 MG RIFAMPICIN TAB 600 MG RIFAMPICIN + ISONIAZID + ETHAMBUTOL + PYRAZINAMIDE FILM-COAT TB RILUZOLE FILM-COAT TB 50 MG RISEDRONATE FILM-COAT TB 5 MG RISEDRONATE TAB 35 MG RISPERIDONE FILM-COAT TB 1 MG RISPERIDONE FILM-COAT TB 2 MG RISPERIDONE SOL 1 MG ML RISPERIDONE VIAL DRY 25 MG RITONAVIR CAP 100 MG RITUXIMAB VIAL 10 MG ML RITUXIMAB VIAL 10 MG ML RIVASTIGMIN CAP 1.5 MG RIVASTIGMIN CAP 3 MG RIVASTIGMIN CAP 4.5 MG RIVASTIGMIN CAP 6 MG RIVASTIGMIN SOL 2 MG ML 120 ML ; RIVASTIGMIN SOL 2 MG ML ROCURONIUM BROMIDE AMP. 50 MG 5ML 5 ML ; ROSIGLITAZONE FILM-COAT TB 4 MG ROSIGLITAZONE FILM-COAT TB 8 MG ROSUVASTATIN FILM-COAT TB 10 MG ROSUVASTATIN FILM-COAT TB 20 MG ROXITHROMYCIN FILM-COAT TB 100 MG ROXITHROMYCIN FILM-COAT TB 100 MGPAED ROXITHROMYCIN FILM-COAT TB 150 MG. Approach to case detection must be modified in settings in which HIV infection is frequent. Although true for the subset of such patients cared for by these service providers, overall, the presentation of cases in the whole community has not changed, and patients with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis continue to predominate. TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS WHO ARE NOT RECEIVING ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUG TREATMENT The principles of adequate tuberculosis chemotherapy apply to all individuals receiving treatment, irrespective of whether or not they are HIV infected. These principles include the use of standard combinations of antituberculosis drugs, and adherence by health professionals and patients to these regimens, with patients required to take all the prescribed medications for the recommended period [13, 14]. The first-line antituberculosis drugs are isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and streptomycin. These medications are always used in combinations of two or more in standard treatment regimens. The standard 6-month regimen of 2 months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol, followed by 4 months of isoniazid and rifampicin, for pansusceptible tuberculosis has been found to be adequate for persons with or without HIV infection [15]. This same regimen is the recommended form of treatment in the 2003 guidelines of the World Health Organization WHO ; [16]. Tuberculosis treatment is highly effective, but cumbersome because of its relatively long duration. The two key components of treatment are: 1 ; rapid reduction of the population of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli, and 2 ; assurance that these bacilli do not re-emerge and cause disease after becoming quiescent relapse ; . The initial intensive phase of treatment is designed to rapidly reduce the bacterial load in the patient and is the time during which selection of drug-resistant mutants in the bacterial population is most likely. That is why a larger number of medications are used during this phase. In resourcelimited settings, in which infection control could be suboptimal, the use of ethambutol is recommended in the initial intensive phase of treatment instead of streptomycin, which must be administered by injection. Studies of pharmacokinetics in the treatment of tuberculosis have shown no difference in the rapid killing ability of medications between those who are HIV infected and those who are uninfected [17]. Conversely, high tuberculosis recurrence rates after successful treatment among HIV-infected individuals have been reported by several authors. Some of these cases are true relapses of bacilli that had become quiescent, and others are due to reinfection with a different organism [1821]. This higher rate of relapse in HIV-infected persons successfully treated for tuberculosis may be an indication that treatment regimens might need to be improved by prolongation in such patients, but this has not yet been adequately evaluated in a clinical trial. Regimens using rifampicin throughout the course of treatment are reported to be more effective at preventing relapses, especially in HIV-infected tuberculosis patients [22]. Since rifampicin is the vital component of modern tuberculosis. Nifedipine Nystatin Nitrofurantoin Norethisterone Oxamniquine Oxcarbazepine not listed ; Paracetamol Penicillamine Piperazine Pyrantel Suspension ; Pyrazinaimde Pyridostigmine Pyrimethamine + Sulfadoxine ; Praziquantel Prednisolone Tablet ; Procainamide Procarbazine Promethazine Propylthiouracil Propranolol Quinidine Quinine Rifampicin Salbutamol Tablet ; Sulfadoxine See Piracetam. ; Sulfasalazine Tamoxifen Theophylline Tetracycline Tolbutamide Verapamil Warfarine TOTAL X X X. Drink the recommended liquids in the table below until your volume study is over. Do not eat any solid foods, or drink milk or juices that are not clear. You will need to give yourself a Fleet enema two hours before you are scheduled to arrive. The Fleet enema can be purchased at your local pharmacy or grocery store. This enema should be given at . If you have any questions, please call the Radiation Oncology department at 847.618.6560.

A healthy diet is an important part of this strategy and quetiapine. About all the medicines you take. M.R. Yakybov, .P. Arzamzstcev, V.L. Dorofeev It was shown that optimal Rf and selectivity of ethambutol, rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide using TLC plates "Sorbfil" could be reached in following mobile phase: ammonia solution 25% acetone methanol ethylacetate 1: Rifampicin spots due to its natural colour could be detected without preliminary treatment of the plates in daylight. Isoniazid and pyrazinamide spots are detected in UV light at 254 nm. Treatment with iodinum vapours is needed for the detection of ethambutol spots. The developed procedure could be used for the detection of counterfeited antituberculosis drugs and seroquel. Prenatal optima advance, start, z prenatal plus, af prenatal rx, 1 prenatal-h, -u PREVACID PREVACID IV [INJ] PREVACID NAPRAPAC prevalite previfem PREVNAR [INJ] PREVPAC PRIALT [INJ] PRIFTIN PRIMAQUINE PRIMAXIN, I.M., I.V. [INJ] primidone PRIMSOL probenecid, w colchicine procainamide hcl PROCALAMINE [INJ] prochlorperazine edisylate [INJ] prochlorperazine, maleate PROCRIT [INJ] PROCTOFOAM-HC procto-pak proctosert hc proctozone-hc prodec-dm PROFASI [INJ] pro-fast sr PROFILNINE SD [INJ] progesterone in oil [INJ] PROGRAF PROLASTIN [INJ] PROLEUKIN [INJ] prolex dh promacet promethazine dm promethazine, -codeine promethegan PROMETRIUM pro-otic propafenone hcl propantheline bromide proparacaine, -fluorescein PROPLEX T [INJ] propofol [INJ] propoxyphene hcl, -apap propoxyphene napsylate-apap propranolol hcl, w hctz propylthiouracil PROSCAR * proset d PROSTIGMIN TAB pro-tannate PROTONIX IV [INJ] PROTOPAM CHLORIDE [INJ] PROVENTIL HFA PROVIGIL PROVISC [INJ] PROVOCHOLINE [INJ] pse 120 msc 2.5, 15 cpm 2, carbinoxamine dm pse bpm, bpm hd, brom PSE CPM pseubrom, -pd pseudatex pseudo carb, carm dm, cm, dm gg, gg tr pseudo max, max dmx pseudoephedrine gg pseudoephedrine hcl pseudoephedrine-chlorphenir pseudoephedrine-guaifenesin pseudoephedrine-guaifenesin-dm pseudovent, 400, dm, ped pseudox m pulmari, -gp PULMICORT PULMOZYME pyrazinamide pyridostigmine bromide pyridoxine hcl pyrilafen tannate-12 quad tann, tann pediatric quadratuss quad-tuss tannate quala-cet, -tla qual-tussin, -tussin dc quinapril hcl quinaretic quindal-hd quinidine gluconate, sulfate quinine sulfate quintex, hc q-v tussin qv-allergy QVAR RABAVERT [INJ] radiagel ralix ranitidine hcl RAPAMUNE RAPTIVA [INJ] RAZADYNE re 10, 40, urea 40 re2 + 30 REBETOL SOLN REBETRON 1000, 1200, 600 [INJ] REBIF [INJ] reclipsen RECOMBINATE [INJ] RECOMBIVAX HB [INJ] rectasol-hc rederm REFLUDAN [INJ] REGONOL [INJ] REGRANEX relacon-dm nr, -hc nr RELACON-HC relera REMICADE [INJ] REMODULIN [INJ] RENACIDIN RENAGEL renal caps RENAMIN [INJ] renaphro rena-vite rx REOPRO [INJ] repan, -cf REPRONEX [INJ] REQUIP RESCRIPTOR RESECTISOL reserpine respahist RESPIGAM [INJ] RESTASIS RESTORIL 7.5 MG CAPSULE RE-TANN RETAVASE [INJ] RETROVIR CAP RETROVIR IV [INJ] REVATIO REVEX [INJ] REYATAZ R-GENE 10 [INJ] rhinabid, pd rhinacon a, dh rhinoflex, -650 ribapak ribasphere ribavirin RIDAURA rifampin RILUTEK rimantadine hcl rindal, hd plus, hpd ringers ringer's injection [INJ] ringers, irrigation RISPERDAL EXCLUDING M-TAB ; RISPERDAL CONSTA [INJ] RITUXAN [INJ] rms-suppository robafen ac ROBAXIN INJ ROCEPHIN-ISO-OSMOTIC DEXTROSE [INJ] ROFERON-A [INJ] rondamine rosaderm roxicet r-tanna, pediatric, s r-tannic-s rubesol-1000 [INJ] RUM-K ru-tuss, dm, jr. ryna-p.e.c. ry-t-12 S-2 SAIZEN [INJ] SALAGEN 7.5 MG TABLET SALICEPT saline flush [INJ] salsalate SANDIMMUNE INJ SANDOSTATIN LAR [INJ] sanfed a SARAPIN [INJ] scalp treatment SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDE SECREFLO [INJ] sedapap selegiline hcl selenium, sulfide, trace element selenium, sulfide, trace element [INJ] senetonic SENOKOT [OTC] SENSIPAR.

Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with pyrazinamide. Gonzague jourdain of harvard school of public health, who was involved in the thai study and rebetol. ENROLLED 2001 Legislature 1 2 3 CODING: Words stricken are deletions; words underlined are additions. 893.13 1 ; c ; 2. 2nd 893.13 ; a ; 1. 2nd 874.05 ; 2nd 843.01 3rd ; 2nd 825.1025 4 ; 3rd 817.034 4 ; a ; 2. 2nd CS for SB 232 Communications fraud, value $20, 000 to $50, 000. Lewd or lascivious exhibition in the presence of an elderly person or disabled adult. Possess with intent to promote any photographic material, motion picture, etc., which includes sexual conduct by a child. Resist officer with violence to person; resist arrest with violence. Encouraging or recruiting another to join a criminal street gang; second or subsequent offense. Sell, manufacture, or deliver cocaine or other s. 893.03 1 ; a ; , 1 ; drugs ; . Sell, manufacture, or deliver cannabis or other s. 893.03 1 ; c ; , 2 ; 1., 2 ; c ; 2., ; c ; 3., 2 ; c ; 5., 2 ; c ; 6., 2 ; c ; 7., 2 ; c ; 8., 2 ; c ; 9., 3 ; , or 4 ; drugs ; within 1, 000 feet of a child care facility or school. Based on available literature, optimal antitubercular therapy in hemodialysis patients with active tb would be the daily administration of usual dosages of isoniazid and rifampin, while pyrazinamide, 25-35 mg kg and ethambutol, 15 mg kg if required, be administered after each dialysis session and ribavirin.
Do you have a product, service or vital information you would like to share with the public health community? If so, here is your best opportunity. This is the 10th Annual Joint Conference on Health - one of the largest public health conferences in Washington State. People from all areas of pubic health will be attending this conference for 2 1 2 days where they will learn the latest up-to-date information in their field, for instance, mode of pyrazinamide. In the established infection mouse model, treatment was started 12 – 14 days after infection, and when added to the triple therapy of isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide or substituted for any component of the triple therapy, r-207910 increased the effectiveness and requip. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in cardiovascular disease, for example, rifampin and pyrazinamide.

Microbiology rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide at therapeutic levels have demonstrated bactericidal activity against both intracellular and extracellular mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms and ropinirole. Exchanges per h including at least two outside air changes per h and negative pressure with respect to adjacent corridor ; if they had confirmed or suspected TB and were not on effective antiTB chemotherapy, or pneumocystis carinii pneuomonia, or an abnormal chest radiograph. After March 1990 patients were placed in TB isolation as before, but there was a higher index of suspicion for TB and stricter application of isolation criteria. Before March 1990 isolation was discontinued 7 days after initiation of anti-TB treatment. After March 1990 isolation was discontinued after 3 negative AFB sputum smears, or a reduction in the number of AFB seen on 3 sputum smears on separate days and a satisfactory response to therapy. Before March 1990 patients in TB isolation left their rooms for purposes other than those deemed medically necessary and often did not wear surgical masks when outside their rooms. TB isolation rooms were often left open. After March 1990, patients in TB isolation left their rooms only when medically necessary and always wore a surgical mask when outside the room; this procedure was confirmed by observation and interviews with HIV ward staff. An automatic closing device was placed on all isolation room doors. Before March 1990 sputum induction was done in any patient room, whereas after 1990 it was done in TB isolation rooms Before March 1990 initial anti-TB chemotherapy of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide, whereas after this date, initial anti TB chemotherapy was expanded to include four of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin or amikacin. From April 1990 17 of 23 isolation rooms had negative pressure with respect to corridor, and in many pressure changed from negative to positive depending on setting of fan coil unit and whether the bathroom door was open. In April 1991 there was negative pressure in all 23 TB isolation rooms, consistent negative pressure established after installation of roof exhaust fan in HIV ward central air handling unit, and this was confirmed when tested with smoke tubes in September 1992. Before June 1990 aerosolised pentamidine treatments were done in patient rooms, and after June 1990 they were done in TB isolation rooms. Before September 1990 all HCW's entering a TB isolation room were required to wear a surgical cup-shaped mask, and after this time they were required to wear a surgical submicron mask upto April 1992, whereafter they were required to wear a dust-mist particulate respirator. Before December 1990 routine AFB smears were available Monday through Friday; urgent AFB.

Add poverty to the mix, and the margin for error grows tighter: "Most of the people are very poor, " says Ali Hamisi, MD, from Tanzania's Bagamoyo District Hospital, where TB is a top killer. "If they are not well-fed, toxicity is very high." What's more, rifampacin is contraindicated with several AIDS therapies, and pyrazinamide is unsafe for pregnant women. The biggest challenge of TB treatment, however, is maintaining compliance during the long course of therapy. "Why can't TB have a standard 10-day treatment, just like any ordinary antibiotic?" asks Marie Freire, who heads the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, an organization working to increase industry participation in TB R&D. According to WHO's recently published "Global Plan to Fight TB, 20062015, " that's unlikely to happen before 2050. The basic science of the disease is not yet there. "When you talk to various communities, you realize the understanding of how a TB bacillus behaves in humans is virtually non-existent, " says Ken Duncan, consultant to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and former GlaxoSmithKline executive. TB researchers also lack some important research tools, such as targets, biomarkers, and predictive models to tell scientists if what works in cell cultures will work in man. "Most drugs so far are developed against TB in test tubes, " says Douglas Young, a professor of medical microbiology at the Imperial College London, and a recipient of a Gates Grand Challenge grant to develop new treatments for latent TB infection. "We want to choose a defined target--a protein or enzyme that if inhibited, has a good chance of killing the disease-- based on an understanding of the physiology of the bacteria as it exists inside our body. If we choose targets that way, then the drugs will be more effective." The tuberculosis genome has been known since 1988, but so far that hasn't translated into a library of targets. And researchers have only recently begun to look for biomarkers or other key diagnostics. "In the case of HIV AIDS, you have viral load as a surrogate marker, or CD4 counts as a biomarker, " says Freire. "We don't have that. We have to wait 18 months for people not to get sick [to know if the drug works]." As these tools come together, it becomes far more practical for the industry to be involved in TB research. "The pharma industry can come in and bring along that knowledge and experience of what targets are potentially 'druggable, '" says Duncan. "Then we have a realistic potential of actually making a drug, rather than just doing academic research." A New Framework for Research The world needs new, more powerful TB drugs. In the short run, that probably means repurposing existing compounds. For example, studies show the fluoroquinolones gatifloxacin better know as Tequin ; , and moxifloxacin, the brand Avelox ; , can help reduce TB treatment to four months from the current six or eight months when substituted for ethambutol. But in the long run, the real progress should come as new drugs emerge from the pipeline. That may not be too far off, given the way companies are more actively participating in developing drugs for neglected diseases. Before 2000, companies that conducted R&D in this area largely did so alone, forcing them to carry out large, late-stage clinical trials in the developing world. However, the cost and the risk of these types of ventures made it unsustainable. In the last five years, however, pharma has developed new ways of partnering and has shifted its focus to discovery and early-stage research. Today, it is far more likely that a company working in neglected diseases will hand off the late-stage R&D to a non-profit or NGO partner. This strategy is working: While only 13 new neglected-disease drugs were introduced from 1975 to 1999, there are now 63 active projects in development, which should yield eight or nine new therapies by 2010, according to a report by Wellcome Trust, an independent UK-based charity funding biomedical research. A third of these active projects are being conducted by three Big Pharma companies: AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, and Novartis. "Mind you, this is a double-edged sword, because they don't want to carry the cost of clinical trials, " says Freire. "But I'm very excited because at last we have a discovery pipeline." These companies have taken different approaches to setting up their TB units. Novartis, for instance, has and tretinoin. It stopped in midstream. I wasn't able to complete the elimination. I immediately started to feel the most intense pain in my back and yelled for my husband to help me finish dressing. I told my husband I needed to go to the doctor immediately and explained the numbness and pain. My husband rushed me to our doctor's office. Our GP ran me through a battery of tests. He asked me to close my eyes and stand on one leg. I couldn't balance myself on either leg. He asked me to stand on my tiptoes; I couldn't do that either. He asked me if it was OK for him to call a neurologist to discuss my symptoms. I said yes, of course. He called a neurologist and after explaining my situation told me to go immediately to the emergency room and the neurologist would meet me there after he finished with his office patients. Arriving at the hospital, I had to lean on my husband in order to walk from the parking lot to the ER. Once inside, I was basically ignored by the ER staff and I waited for the neurologist to arrive. By the time the neurologist arrived, approximately two hours later, I was very weak in the lower part of my body and had difficulty and pain when I walked. I was placed on a hospital bed and almost immediately paralysis was evident. I could feel my internal female ; organs going numb also. I was paralyzed from the waist down and was very weak. I was admitted into the hospital and was told that I would need a series of medical tests and x-rays. I was confused and worried. I found that I could not lift my legs at all, I could not use the bathroom, I had no appetite, I was disoriented, I had terrible headaches, nausea, and I was in a state of total confusion. This. VENDOR : ASTRA ZENECA PHARMACEUTICALS VEND# 1500 ; # : MMS25012-P PHARMACEUTICALS [5 1 2005 - 4 30 2007] Vend Cont#: CHANGE Price correction ; 01 06 2006 - 00310-0210-20 - ZOMIG 2.5 MG TABLET 6EA x 1 - $92.390 REMARKS: WAC-$0.30 ; - New Ndc # 00310-0210-20 replaces Old Ndc # 00037-7210-20 and retrovir and pyrazinamide, for instance, action of pyrazinamide. Before the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, there was no contraindication for the concomitant administration of antituberculous agents and the few available antiretroviral drugs. The response rate to standard antituberculosis therapy in HIV-infected patients was similar to that observed in uninfected patients with tuberculosis [1]. Paradoxically, the introduction of protease inhibitors PI ; and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors NNRTI ; compounded the adequate treatment of tuberculosis and HIV infection if the two infections were to be treated together. The interactions between rifampin and PI or NNRTI led to initial recommendations contraindicating the concomitant use of the two classes of drugs [2]. Later, it was shown that rifampin can be concomitantly administered with some PI [3, 4]. Although it has been suggested that rifampin could be administered with the two NNRTI, efavirenz and nevirapine, clinical data are still scarce [57]. We present the results of an observational study performed in seven Spanish hospitals. We have reviewed the records of all HIV-infected patients who had culture-confirmed tuberculosis and who were treated for tuberculosis and HIV infection after January 1998. For the purposes of this study, we have collected data from the patients who received an antituberculosis regimen that included rifampin 600 mg a day for 9 months in all cases in combination with isoniazid and pyraz8namide during the first 2 months ; and an antiretroviral regimen that included nevirapine 400 mg a day in all cases in combination with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ; . The objectives of the study were to evaluate the clinical, virological and immunological outcomes of HIV infection, as well as the response to antituberculosis therapy and the potential toxicity of the co-administration of the two drugs.
REVLIMID Approved for Myeloma Summary of New International Uniform Response Criteria for Myeloma Progress Report from IMF's Senior Research Grant Recipient VEL-CTD in Previously Untreated Multiple Myeloma Education&Awareness Patient & Family Seminar: Portland, Oregon Patient & Family Seminar: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 2006 Myeloma Awareness Week IMF's Fiscal Year 2007 Funding Priorities and Call to Action SpecialEvent Last Chance to Join Us for the IMF's 16th Anniversary Gala! International Europeans Attend IMF Support Group Leaders Retreat Update from the Israeli Association of Myeloma Patients AMEN ; Ontario Covers Myeloma Drug IMF Latin America Hosts Five Patient & Family Seminars in 2006 SupportiveCare Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and Oral Care Mayo Clinic Consensus Statement for the Use of Bisphosphonates in Myeloma IMF Hotline Coordinators Answer Your Questions SupportGroups Spotlight on Portland, Oregon The Philadelphia Story! The IMF Welcomes New Myeloma Support Groups Patient&CaregiverExperience Running with Cancer Shifting Focus: My "New" Life with Multiple Myeloma MemberEvents How I Celebrated My 8th Birthday 13th Birthday Celebration Honors Myeloma Survivor Terry DuBois Celebrates His 65th Birthday with a Bash! 5th Annual Multiple Musicians Against Multiple Myeloma Benefit 5th Annual WAMP Swim-a-Thon Upcoming Member Events Lasalle Bank Chicago Distance Classic More Member Fundraiser Updates, plus Opportunities Kids Fight Back! a New Program Just for Young People MeettheIMF A Conversation with Candace McDonald and Suzanne Battaglia BoardofDirectors: MemberProfile Gregory R. Mundy, MD ScientificAdvisoryBoard: MemberProfile Jesus San Miguel, MD, PhD News&Notes Important news bits and late-breaking information LetterstotheIMF Comments from our readers OrderForm Request a subscription or place an order for information DearReader Letter from Susie Novis, IMF President 1 3 6 and rifater. Than 25 000 persons have been treated for VL, an otherwise fatal parasitic disease Seaman et al., 1996 ; . Some of these patients have had coexisting or subsequent TB. In the mid-1990s, MSF initiated TB treatment in a less insecure area of Western Upper Nile. Between 1993 and 1998, about 2000 patients received treatment with the Manyatta regimen 2SHRZ 2HRZ 3TH [two 2-month daily supervised regimens followed by a 3-month unsupervised regimen]: streptomycin S ; , isoniazid H ; , rifampicin R ; , pyrazinamise Z ; , and thiacetazone T . Analysis of 1418 patients treated between 1993 and 1996 showed that 89% completed the 4-month supervised component of treatment, 5% died, 5% defaulted and 1% failed treatment. Among 590 sputum-positive patients, 85% were smear-negative at the end of 4 months; 5% defaulted, 5% died and 4% were still smear-positive. Encroachment of military activity related to oil exploration ended the programme in 1998. Following this experience and confronted with many TB patients in Lankien, Upper Nile Province where MSF was implementing VL treatment, with strong support from both the local community and expatriate health staff, the decision was made to re-initiate TB treatment in 2001. A TB programme had been operated temporarily in the community by another NGO in the previous year. Tuberculosis epidemiology in Sudan Few data exist on TB rates in South Sudan. The Nuer are not only ethnically and culturally distinct from both the Arab and Bantu populations, but probably differ historically in terms of past exposure to TB. Because there has been minimal access to TB therapy in South Sudan recently and no private or other source of TB drugs in the community except streptomycin which is often found in the local market ; , the probability of drug resistance was expected to be low. This was supported by the findings on resistance testing of approximately 30 sputum specimens collected during the course of the previous TB programme. HIV prevalence is currently low: only 2 of 231 0.8% ; VL patients aged . 15 years treated in Lankien were seropositive. Methods of implementation Planning and organization The pilot project planned to limit the number of cases admitted to 200, to avoid exceeding staffing capacity. Enrolment was limited to a 10-week period JulySeptember 2001 ; commencing in the rainy season. Based on a year's experience in the area it was decided that insecurity was too great to permit the safe, continuous operation of a TB programme during the.
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